Freelancing interior projects in mumbaiεργασίες

Exterior renderings with overflowing pool , and real view Interior 3 bedrooms / three bathrooms , living room and kitchen , and one guest bedroom outside the house

Ψάχνω interior designer για την διαμόρφωση μονοκατοικίας, μεζονετα. Εσωτερικοί χώροι όπως σαλόνι, κουζίνα τραπεζαρία, υπνοδωμάτιο, μπανιο, Μινιμαλ σχεδιασμό σε γήινα χρώματ&...

θέλουμε 2 εσωτερικές λήψεις για κάθε μπάνιο και 2 εσωτερικές λήψεις για την κουζίνα. Είναι απαραίτητη η χρονική συνέπεια. Θα δωθούν σχέδια σε autocad, προδιαγραφές κ&...

Η δουλειά αυτή αφορά μόνο άτομα που μένουν στη Θεσσαλονίκη. Στα μέσα του Ιανουαρίου 2020 θα ανοίξει μια startup στο κέντρο της Θεσσαλονίκης, στο χώρο του Digital Marketing. Αναζητ&epsilo...

Θα ήθελα σχεδιασμό λογοτύπου και business cards για την ατομική μου επιχείρηση ως διακοσμήτρια εκδηλώσεων και interior designer. Το όνομα της επιχείρησης είναι Decoration Art Loft. To style που θα μου ...

Ανάπτυξη interface ανάμεσα σε KNX και Arduino ή άλλου περιβάλλοντος προτυποποίησης.

I'm in need of an expert in 3D design & visualization, particularly for floor plans and interior layouts. Key deliverables: - 3D floor plans for a 30x50 shop with living quarters. This space contains a kitchen, bathroom, washer dryer, master bedroom, and a wide, open living area. Additionally, it includes a loft with a room upstairs. A lean-to on the length of the building toward the barndo. - 3-4 bedroom, 2 bathroom barndominium, roughly 2200-2400 sq ft. - Both designs should have a modern aesthetic. Skills and experience required: - Proficiency in 3D modeling and visualization software - Strong understanding of interior design, particularly in the modern style - Previous experience with floor plan design is a plus - Ability to work c...

I'm looking for an expert in interior rendering in Photoshop to work on a modern style project I have. Key requirements: - Create a rendering of a school hall with a view to the atrium. - Emphasis should be on furniture, architectural details and the view to the atrium, reflecting the modern style in the render. - Ability to communicate and interpret my vision effectively. - Time limit - till 23.05-24.05 Ideal Freelancer: - Experience in interior rendering, specifically modern style. - Proven ability in high-quality Photoshop work. - Strong understanding of space utilization, design elements and attention to details. - Experience in rendering furniture and architectural features. - A portfolio demonstrating similar project...

...modern 3D house design, encompassing both the interior and exterior of the property. Key Requirements: - Modern Aesthetic: The design should embody a contemporary and stylish look, with emphasis on clean lines and functional spaces. - Attention to Detail: I am looking for someone who can ensure every detail is considered and incorporated into the design. - Integration: The interior and exterior should harmoniously blend together, providing a seamless and cohesive experience. Please note that this project does not include the garden area, swimming pool or garage design. The focus is solely on the exterior and interior of the house. Ideal skills and experience for this project include: - Proficiency in 3D design software - Previous experience in cre...

...a professional photographer with experience in real estate and vacation rental property photography. The Photo Shoot Will Include: - Vacation rental properties showcasing interior design elements, property exterior, and landscaping. - Capturing local attractions or amenities related to the properties. Ideal Skills For This Job: - Advanced skills in real estate photography, with a significant focus on vacation rentals. - Ability to capture and highlight interior design elements and property exteriors. - Proficiency in photographing local attractions or amenities. - A keen eye for detail to ensure the properties are presented in an appealing way. Candidates are desired to provide a portfolio of similar work done in the past. Experi...

I'm in search of a highly educated female home caretaker (who can speak English or Hindi) to manage house activities and take care of family members. It is essential that the candidate holds a high school diploma. The ideal candidate for this role will be expected to: Organize the household schedules effectively Prepare meals for the family Assist with family activities This is a full-time position, requiring services for more than 8 hours per day. Please note that this position does not involve cleaning tasks, as we have maids for that. The primary responsibilities will be taking care of the family, managing the house, and running errands such as going to the market and buying groceries. We offer transportation (flight or train to travel to Mumbai), accommodation, an...

Based on our chat! I'll wait for your updates about the dimensions for the bedroom.

I'm in need of an interior designer who can help me with my clothing booth. The primary goal of this design is to attract customers. Key Points: - The design style I'm aiming for is modern, so I'm looking for someone with a strong understanding of contemporary design principles. - I'm specifically looking for someone who can bring a fresh, eye-catching approach to the space, to help it stand out in a busy event or retail environment. - As a must for this project, I require 3D renderings of the booth design. These will be crucial in helping me to visualize the final product, as well as for making adjustments and improvements. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proven experience in interior design, particularly for commercial or ret...

...images is to be used in our social media marketing campaigns. We will provide the 3D model of the sanitary fitting product, and we require the final images to be visually appealing, realistic, and highlight the product's features effectively. **Project Scope:** 1. **Number of Images:** 10 2. **Style:** Artistic, photorealistic renders 3. **Scenes:** Each image should feature a unique bathroom design that complements the sanitary fitting product. 4. **Focus:** The product should be prominently featured and seamlessly integrated into each bathroom scene. 5. **Purpose:** Social media marketing (Instagram, Facebook, etc.) **Requirements:** 1. **Experience:** - Proven experience in 3D rendering, particularly with interior designs. - Portfolio showcasing pr...

...a custom wardrobe with an integrated dressing table. Key Requirements: - Material: The wardrobe should be crafted entirely from high-quality wood. - Interior Features: The wardrobe must include shelves, hanging rods, and drawers for optimal storage and organization. The wardrobe should be elegant in design and functional in use. Please ensure it is sturdy and durable, suitable for daily use. It should be a balance between aesthetic appeal and practicality, ensuring it can comfortably accommodate my clothing and accessories. Ideal Skills: - Experienced in carpentry or furniture making, particularly in creating wardrobes. - Proficient in working with wood and able to translate the design into a quality finished product. - Creative and able to...

I'm in need of an expert who can help me set up a multi-master Docker Swarm cluster across Delhi and Mumbai regions in an e2e network. The cluster should be designed primarily for disaster recovery, with specific requirements as follows: - **Cloud Provider**: I'd like the cluster to be set up in an e2e network. - **Network Type**: I need a public e2e network for this cluster. - **Primary Goal**: The main focus of this project is disaster recovery, so the cluster should be designed keeping this in mind. The ideal freelancer for this job should have in-depth knowledge and experience with Docker Swarm, network setup across regions, and disaster recovery strategies. Proficiency in setting up clusters on e2e network and ensuring they ...

I'm seeking an interior designer with a knack for modern aesthetics to help me transform my small living room which will include dining area. The design should embody a modern theme, blending functionality with style. Key Requirements: - Color Scheme: I'm looking for a palette of neutral colors. Think whites, grays, and beiges. The space should feel airy and inviting. - Style & Theme: The design should be inherently modern, with a touch of sophistication. Clean lines and minimalistic elements are preferred. - Layout Consideration: As it's a small space, the layout is crucial. The design should be optimized to make the rooms appear bigger and more functional without compromising on the overall visual appeal. Your role will be to bring these elements together in...

...create captivating interior renderings of a residential space of ~6,000 SF The house rooms are below: Basement - Bunk room - Living Area - 3 Baths - Bar/Kitchenette - Guest Room - Laundry Main Floor - Master bath, closet, and room - Living/Dining area/Kitchen - Entry - Closet - Laundry/Mudroom - Powder Bath - 3 1/2 car garage Second Floor - Study - Coffee Bar - (x2) Guest Bed/Bath/Closet - Laundry - Workout Room What I envision is a mountain style theme; something that creates a feel of comfort and tranquility. To make a successful bid, ideal skills and experience would include: - Prior experience with large scale residential interior rendering - Proficiency in 3D software - A keen eye for detail - Strong understanding and interpretation of mountain style ...

I am seeking a skilled and experienced freelancer to assist me in developing a comprehensive projects portfolio that highlights my expertise in Lean Six Sigma, Inventory Management, Kaizen, and Continuous Improvement. Key Elements: - I will need you to include detailed project descriptions and project images in the portfolio. - The key projects that will be included in the portfolio will be related to Inventory Management and Optimization. Specifically, the project will focus on demonstrating my use of strategies to achieve results that are reflected in Key Performance Indicators (KPI's). Ideal Candidate: - Experienced in Lean Six Sigma, Inventory Management, Kaizen, and Continuous Improvement. - Proficient in creating e...

...4BR-3Bath home in Yardley, PA. The remodeling includes both modification of the existing rooms and adding a new room, optimizing use of the current home’s space. Must be available for quick turnaround. Key project requirements include: - Distributing space to create an additional bedroom and upgrade the half bathroom to a full bathroom. - Constructing a third bathroom with classic designs. - Ensuring that the designs of the remodelled rooms follow a classic theme. - Incorporating a walk-in shower in the new bathrooms as a requisite. Ideal freelancers should have: - A solid background in home remodeling particularly focusing on space optimization. - Understanding of classic interior design to ensure aesthetic consistency across all ren...

...an architect with a project underway, I'm in need of a talented 3D artist who can create stunning renderings of a residential building I'm working on. I am specifically looking to realize its contemporary style, so the artist needs to have a good grasp of this architectural style. The key areas I want to emphasize in the renderings are: - The Exterior facade: Bring the modern, sleek aspect of the building to life. - The Interior layout: Showcase functional, stylish, and modern living spaces. - Surrounding landscape: Blend the building with the natural environment and highlight its aesthetic synergy. Proficiency in 3D modeling and rendering software, and a good sense of architectural aesthetics are key skills I'm looking for. Previous experienc...

I'm looking for an experienced videographer to capture various aspects of a visit to a company HQ in London. This project will include: - Filming interior shots of the HQ - Filming interviews with employees (YouTube presenter will conduct the interviews) - Capturing B-roll footage of the surrounding area The visit date is Tuesday 18th May. The purpose of the video is to generate a YouTube video that will captivate and engage YouTube viewers. The ideal freelancer should have prior experience in corporate videography, and creating dynamic YouTube content. Please provide samples of previous work of a similar nature when applying.

I'm in need of an experienced app developer to create a mobile application for catering services on the Android platform. Key Features: - Menu Display: The app should allow users to browse through our catering services menu. - Order Placement: It should facilitate users in placing orders directly through the app. - Payment Integration: The app must have a secure payment gateway to enable seamless transactions. Ideal candidate would have: - Proven experience in Android app development - Prior experience in developing e-commerce or service based apps - Familiarity with integrating payment gateways into mobile applications - Strong communication skills to ensure a smooth collaboration and understanding of requirements. I have a DJ and catering services bus...

...quite general; it should be something that can be well understood by those in various roles such as office managers, interior designers, and furniture sales representatives. The piece should be engaging and accessible to a wide range of readers, regardless of their prior knowledge in this domain. It's important that the article strikes a balance between depth of information and readability, so it would be ideal if the writer can demonstrate a good understanding of the topic and the ability to convey this in an engaging manner. A background in interior design, furniture sales, or a related field would be beneficial. A portfolio with similar articles or work samples would also be a plus. The article should be 1500 words in length. - ...

I'm seeking a skilled content writer to craft a detailed and informative article about coffee tables...and commercial coffee tables. Key points to consider: - Research and include the origin and history of coffee tables - Discuss popular styles and designs in the contemporary market - Elaborate on the differences between residential and commercial coffee table considerations - Write in a style that's accessible and engaging for a general audience - Must contain 3 to 5 links as references within the article, they will be provided upon awarding the article Ideal skills and experience for this job: - Strong research abilities - Excellent writing skills, particularly in crafting engaging, informative content - Experience in writing about interior ...

I need a general audience-focused, 800-1000 word article on club chair office furniture. The article shou...Provide general and informative content about club chair office furniture that can engage a wide audience, including small business owners, office managers, and interior designers. - Must reference 3 to 5 links that will be provided upon awarding of the project. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proven experience in writing engaging and informative articles about furniture, specifically office furniture. - Proficiency in conducting research to gather relevant and accurate information. - Ability to write in an accessible and engaging style suitable for a general audience. - Understanding of the unique needs and considerations involved in choosing offic...

...audience, so it's crucial that the content is engaging and accessible to a wide variety of readers. Key points to consider in this project include: - Covering a broad spectrum of conference room chair topics - from ergonomics and comfort to design and aesthetics - Providing insights on the durability and maintenance of these chairs. - Explain how conference room chairs differ from regular office chairs - Needs to contain 3 to 5 links to references on the subject matter which will be provided upon awarding of the project - Needs to be between 1,200 to 1,500 words Ideal skills and experience: - Prior experience in writing high-quality, engaging content on furniture or interior design - Excellent research skills - Ability to break down complex topics into easy-...

...should be covered in the article include: - Different designs and styles: The writer should explore the various design options available for square conference tables, discussing contemporary, minimalist, classic, or any other popular styles in the market. - Benefits and features: The article should highlight the practical and aesthetic benefits of choosing a square conference table over other shapes. This could include space-saving benefits, visual symmetry, or ease of communication between participants. - General information: The writer should provide a comprehensive overview of square conference tables, including their history, common materials used for construction, and any other relevant information. The ideal candidate for this project should have: - Proven experienc...

I'm searching for a talented designer capable of re-creating an existing brochure for my renting kitchens company. I have an example brochure to use as inspiration, but certain elements must be changed to make it unique. These include: - Layout Modifications: Rearrange secti...sections or resize elements to create a fresh look, avoiding a straight copy from the example. - Color Scheme Alterations: Implement different hues aligning with our branding. - Graphic Changes: Replace images or graphics with ones that better reflect our company identity. Ideal candidates should have a keen eye for design and a portfolio showcasing their proficiency in creating distinct and engaging brochures. Experience in interior design or kitchen related fields is a bonus. Please repl...

I'm in need of a skilled architectural visualizer who can create highly detailed renderings of both exteriors and interiors across a line of residential buildings. I need to get an estimate on the project outlined below. DELIVERABLES This project has two parts: - Static renders: There are six structures. Each of the six structures will need four exterior renders from different angles and in different environments and two interior renders, for a total of 36 final renders (six per structure). - Configurator renders: This part is a bit more complicated. Each of the six structures will be used in an online configurator tool that allows visitors to change aspects of the exterior to see what it looks like with different colors and finishes. See below for param...

I'm looking for an experienced interior designer with a focus on modern design to help me create a functional and aesthetically pleasing office space. Key Requirements: - The design should primarily focus on creating a workspace that is functional for office needs. - Ideal candidate should have a strong appreciation and understanding of modern design aesthetics in order to create a stylish and contemporary workspace. - Attention to detail and an ability to work within a budget will be an advantage.

I have access to the aircraft and can get many photos. I also have access to schematics to support the design. The end product will need to be in a format readable by 3DS Max 2023 and will then be imported into a game engine. Both high detail exterior and interior models will need to be made with milestones on 3D Geometry and artwork.

I'm in need of a professional book designer to assist me in creating an engaging and vibrant design for a book I'm preparing for Amazon KDP publishing. The book is focused on raising awareness about migrant women in business in Australia, and as such, I'm looking for a design that is visually striking and vibrant. Key requirements: - Design both the interior formatting and cover of the book. The book contains 137 pages and incorporates approximately 20 full-page images of migrant women in business. - Ensure that the pictures are integrated seamlessly within the book's content, enhancing the narrative and engaging the reader. - The design should be colorful and vibrant in nature to capture the reader's attention and...

I'm looking for a skilled Sketchup professional to...as some machines are customized and have different dimensions (but same shape). If successful, we will follow with more work to do the interior design of our new lab using the aforementioned machines. Requirements: - Interior Design Modeling experience - Level of Detailing: I'm looking for moderate detail with some basic textures, giving a realistic feel to the model. - Experience: Prior experience in interior design modeling is a must - Communication: A clear and open line of communication is crucial. I will give you a rough idea of what I'm looking for, but I'm open to suggestions and iterations. If you're passionate about interior design, proficient in Sketchup, an...

I am in the process of constructing a new residential duplex villa and I am in need of a talented 3D interior designer to bring my vision to life. Key Tasks: - Develop a 3D model for the duplex villa's interior design - Design the living room, kitchen, and bedroom to create a cohesive, aesthetically pleasing space - Ensure the design aligns with the vision for the overall construction Ideal Skills: - Proficiency in 3D modeling software - Experience in residential interior design - Ability to work collaboratively and integrate feedback - A strong eye for detail and aesthetics I'm looking for someone who can take my ideas and elevate them into a stunning, practical design. I am open to suggestions and want to work with a profess...

I'm seeking a skilled 3D interior designer to craft a sophisticated, yet functional design for my 2-floor duplex villa. The design should embody a modern and elegant style, while maximizing the potential of the space. Key requirements for the project include: - Designing the living room, kitchen, and bedroom for both floors in the villa. - Skillful use of 3D software to create detailed and realistic visualizations of the proposed design. The ideal candidate for this project should: - Have a strong portfolio showcasing previous 3D interior design projects. - Demonstrate a keen eye for modern interior design trends and aesthetics. - Possess excellent communication skills to understand and incorporate my preferences into the design.

...talented individual who can assist me in transforming a structurally sound building into a cost-effective, yet aesthetically pleasing vintage hostel. Key Responsibilities: - Conduct a detailed inspection and create a comprehensive plan for the renovation. - Design the interior and exterior in a vintage style suitable for a hostel. - Focus on the redesign of the bedrooms and common areas. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proven experience in architectural design and interior design, ideally with hostel or commercial property experience. - Proficiency in CAD software and other relevant tools. - Excellent communication skills and a keen eye for detail. - Ability to balance aesthetics with cost-effectiveness. Please provide examples of your previou...

PLEASE DO NOT SEND AI DESIGNS A 2D PLAN IS A MUST Seeking a talented interior designer to create a modern and stylish residential bedroom. Key Requirements: - Proficiency in residential interior design - Strong understanding of modern design principles - Experience in creating bedroom interiors The room will have the following 1. King size bed with 2 side tables 2. Large him/her walk-in closet 3. Desser table, for him/her 4. Tv unit – to be opposite to bed Please note 1. room height is 300cm, there is a concrete slab in the middle, the height from floor is 250cm 2. the room has 3 windows, any of these windows can be canceled to make a use of the space

...Also, you get all of the following INCLUDED with NO HIDDEN COST in a YEARLY price of 129 USD: ➡️ Be among the elite few to earn the new IFC badge on your profile so that you can stand out! (Upon successful completion of the test) - Priceless! ➡️ Unlock hours of groundbreaking video content I’ve been working on for months that's nowhere else to be found. (399 USD, INCLUDED!) ➡️ Numerous attachments with client conversation pipelines, strategies, tools and much more! (199 USD, INCLUDED!) ➡️ Dive into biweekly live streams with the masters, ask anything you want, and pick up secrets they don't just share with anyone. (100 USD per hour, INCLUDED!) ➡️ An overview with my thoughts of all newsletters I'm subscribed to in freelancing/AI/Digital, gi...

I'm looking for someone who can transform my sketch into a modern and intelligent interior design for small bathroom with walk-in shower, washbasin, toilet, and space for a washing machine. The result should be a 2D plan and a 3D rendering.

I'm looking for an interior designer to create a modern office space that is both functional and aesthetically pleasing. Key Requirements: - Interior design experience with a focus on commercial spaces, particularly offices. - Proven track record of designing modern interiors. - Ability to create a space that is both visually appealing and conducive to productivity. - Understanding of current interior design trends. - Strong communication skills to understand my vision and translate it into a design plan. - Knowledge of materials, colors, and furnishings that work well in a commercial setting. Please provide a portfolio of your previous work in commercial interior design, specifically offices. Your design concept should reflect a modern aest...

I am looking for an architect to design m...everything), then I need 3D rendering of all including front elevation, at the end I need a complete 3D video of complete house design. (There must be a proper ventilation system in complete house including all rooms, baths, kitchen etc). My plot size is 1750 Square feet Dimensions are 35*50. its a corner plot. ---->>> Requirements for ground floor: 2 bed rooms with attached washrooms Kitchen A store room Drawing room TV Lounge Car porch A small garden at the front --->>> Requirements for roof top (first floor) 1 bed room with attached bathroom I need one office (attached bathroom) at roof top for my freelancing work. I want a swimming pool at the roof top. I need modern design roof top with greenery, sit...

I'm in need of comprehensive architectural floor plans and elevations for two 2BHK residential units. The key details and requirements for this project are as follows: - Architectural Style: As I am looking for a modern design, it's essential that the design reflects contemporary aesthetics and functionality. - Interior Layouts: The project involves detailed interior layouts for each room. I would like the plans to include furniture placement as well. - Outdoor Spaces: The scope of this project does not include designing outdoor areas. The main focus should be on the residential unit interiors. For this task, the ideal candidate would possess the following skills and experience: - Proven expertise in creating modern architectural designs and plans. ...

I'm in need of many skilled freelancers based in Udupi, who can assist me with various projects. The main goal is to support me in various projects and build a strong company. Key Requirements: - Skilled in particular areas like web-development, Flutter, content creation, UI/UX etc. - Able to work out of home or co-working space - Able to provide long term commitment to projects I am building a panel of freelancers in Udupi to work out of my co-working space, who can support me in client projects as well as my own projects. I would also like to build a set of talent pool out of Udupi to cater to the local as well as global audience.

...with an MBA and I'm stepping into the freelancing world. While I have a keen interest in freelancing, I seek mentorship in specific areas related to my studies. Here's what I need: -Assistance with Business Consulting: A deep-dive into business models, strategies, and operations. -Direction in Market Research: Guiding in carrying out market analyses, consumer behavior study, and competitive landscape. -Training in Financial Analysis: Advice on financial forecasts, interpreting financial statements, and investment strategies. The ideal person for this job would be a seasoned freelancer with extensive experience in business consulting, market research, and financial analysis. If you've mentored others in fr...

I'm searching for an experienced and professional interior designer who can create a vision of a modern salon. This project will require unique and innovative ideas to create a stylish and comfortable space that blends functionality and aesthetics. Ideal skills and experiences should include: - A strong portfolio of modern design projects, preferably with experience in salon design. - Clear understanding of space utilization. Project requirements will include: - Creating a design for a small salon with 1-3 workstations. - Incorporating a waiting area, a hair styling area, and a manicure/pedicure area in the design. The aim of this project is to build a salon that provides a modern, relaxing and engaging atmosphere for our clients. The chosen freelancer ...

...que nos llevan a hacernos masajes. ✓Relajación de los músculos ✓Activa tu equilibrio interno con sesión terapéutica alternativa Canalización y transmisión de energía vital a través de la imposición de manos, que se utiliza para obtener paz y equilibrio a niveles: Físico, emocional, mental y espiritual. Volvé a recuperar la armonía perdida y que la paz y la confianza vuelvan a reinar en tu interior. A distancia o presencial: ✨Reiki ✨Gemoterapia ✨ Péndulo Hebreo ✨ Bendición sanación del útero ✨Tameana ✨ Armonización/ Limpieza energética Las sanaciones tienen un seguimiento de 2 a 7 días según el caso del consultante si es que lo necesit...

I'm looking for drafters experienced in both civil and telecommunications projects to join my team. You will need to be proficient in AutoCAD and Civil 3D, as these are the primary software we use. Key requirements include: - Proficiency in both Civil and Telecommunications drafting - Extensive experience using AutoCAD and Civil 3D This is an ongoing project with varying deadlines, so being able to manage your time efficiently is a must. Please highlight your experience in both fields and your software proficiency in your proposal.

...Also, you get all of the following INCLUDED with NO HIDDEN COST in a YEARLY price of 129 USD: ➡️ Be among the elite few to earn the new IFC badge on your profile so that you can stand out! (Upon successful completion of the test) - Priceless! ➡️ Unlock hours of groundbreaking video content I’ve been working on for months that's nowhere else to be found. (399 USD, INCLUDED!) ➡️ Numerous attachments with client conversation pipelines, strategies, tools and much more! (199 USD, INCLUDED!) ➡️ Dive into biweekly live streams with the masters, ask anything you want, and pick up secrets they don't just share with anyone. (100 USD per hour, INCLUDED!) ➡️ An overview with my thoughts of all newsletters I'm subscribed to in freelancing/AI/Digital, gi...

I'm looking to transform my lake home into a warm and inviting space. I prefer the use of hickory cabinets and white cupboards, accented with black knobs as part of the scheme. - I want fans incorporated in both the living spaces including the living room and family room, as well as the bedrooms. - Ideally, the chosen freelancer should have experience in modern design married with a rustic lake home aesthetic. Expertise in color coordination, space utilization and interior decor is imperative.